Thursday, October 31, 2019

Core Post: Eucalyptus Branches, Tucker Carlson, and Infrastructure as Metaphor


The readings for this week made me consider again Tucker Carlson, Los Angeles, and a eucalyptus tree.

The Los Angeles Times reported two days ago that the Getty fire—still uncontainted, still billowing smoke, still burning homes—was probably caused by a branch of a eucalyptus tree coming into contact with a power line (https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-29/getty-fire-arson-investigation). Dashcam footage appears to show the fire starting as a flash of light in an otherwise dark night. The article quotes Mayor Eric Garcetti stating that the contact of the tree and line “was an act of god.” Another way of looking at it, considerations of divine intervention put aside, is as a moment of contact between the technological and the natural. If, as Edwards states “[i]nfrastructures constitute artificial environments, walling off modern lives from nature, and constructing the latter as commodity, resource, and object of romantic utopianism and reinforcing the modernist settlement” (26), the cause of the fire may be read as a crack in the wall. It can be read to as a moment of infrastructural failure and of the visible made visible through a moment of contact. Edwards again, “Our civilizations fundamentally depend on them (infrastructures) yet we notice them mainly when they fail, which they rarely do” (2). From Parks “Infrastructure is “seamless in its operation and can be disastrous in its failure” (115). The interruption of this seamless operation, caused by a gust of wind, a tree branch, and a powerline, has indeed proved disastrous. It has revealed, through contact, the invisible operations of a system normally ignored and naturalized. Through the fire’s coverage, though, it has revealed something else—the capability for infrastructures to be operationalized as a racialized political metaphor.

Tucker Carlson stated on his Tuesday evening show that “PG&E strikes me as almost a metaphor for the destruction of the state…Here’s a utility which doesn’t really know anything about its own infrastructure but knows everything about the race of its employees” and tied, later, the preemptive blackouts to a lack of conservatives in California to combat progressives and progressive values.  
(https://www.thedailybeast.com/tucker-carlson-and-dave-rubin-blame-diversity-and-woke-culture-for-california-fires). This implies, absurdly, that a more racist (but also a more misogynistic, transphobic), less diverse society and workforce would naturally produce a greater infrastructure and, from that, less fires. It also implies that white workers and companies are more efficient and capable than companies with workers of color. Infrastructure (and, by proxy, “modern” civilization), then becomes the site for a radicalizing call to arms against difference for Carlson and his viewers.

Tucker Carlson and his guest echo much of the coverage of the California fire season by right-wing media. Over the last several weeks, The Drudge Report has shaped their coverage of the fire as  a metaphor for California in general—as a state marked by hypocrisy, civilizational decline, identity politics, and chaos. Their links today, for example, read “New California fires burn homes, send residents fleeing,” “Disabled seniors left behind in outage,” and “Los Angeles and San Francisco Don’t Lose Power Even When Their Suburbs Do.” What is implicit in the text is 1. California is in a state of dystopic chaos which is uninhabitable to people, 2. It is a state that claims to care for people but is neglecting its most vulnerable, and 3. It privileges the wealthy and urban and punishes those on the outskirts (reinforcing a narrative of city/suburb division and a divided America). These links fit the pattern of Drudge’s coverage of the fire season as a whole; they have repeatedly molded the strategic outages, the fire itself, and the state’s response to the fires as demonstrative of a state in decay, of modernity under attack by progressives and progressive values, and of the dishonesty of progressive values.


Both examples demonstrate a nostalgia for a white supremacist past, one which orders and controls systems, utilities, and societies and makes its operations naturalized and invisible.  

IoT devices: Lovense. Sex Tech For Every Bedroom: Use teledildonics to improve your sex life!

Micro
Intimacy communicated through shared data exchanges + sensor capture
  • Affordances
    • Data being shared
    • Connected devices
  • Shared data and communication is narrated as a way to maintain sexual contact with another
    • Partnered play from a distance
    • Camming
      • Partnered toys sync across bluetooth
      • Intelligent playback
        • Past sessions can be recorded and replayed from partner play
      • Real time movement from sensor capture
        • Positionally of the toy is captured and infers the stimulation pattern of your partner’s toy
      • API for connection with Third Party Video chat programs
Meso
Security concerns
  • Same encrypted information that goes beyond international lines
  • Information stored on servers
Social - Connecting with others
  • Goes back to armaan
Social - Control/Neoliberalism/Efficiency
  • Linking basic daily tasks to the sex toy and even recording pleasurable patterns for later use (for the person on the go!)
  • Camming
    • Intimacy as currency and capital flow
Macro
Level of production
  • Extraction of materials of creation
Circulation
  • Produced in China, with headquarters in Hong Kong
Data breaking as digital currency
  • Data that goes through underwater cables
  • Flow of capital through the cam, that then responds to the object itself

Patricia, Ron, Adam & Paulina

UV: Different Infrastructural Historical Imaginaries

(Couldn't post these as a comment to our group post, but wanted to share some earlier versions of USC & the Village)




Old school mass transit

Streetcars and trolleys were a main mode of transportation, transporting its early students before dormitories and likely bringing staff and faculty to campus. They were also the students’ connector to downtown, which had gambling halls and saloons.

Crystals & Gem Stones (Ed, Dan, Noa, Raphael)


Crystals / Gem Stones 

-    Micro: extractive practices, mining; retail, boutique shops
o   Visible: ‘brand-less’ as the brand; purchase
o   Invisible: actual labor of extractive practices
     Meso: contradictions between discursive framework (‘good vibes’) and their production; Gwyneth Paltrow; supply chains (intermediary things; movement; production); Etsy; Tucson Gem Show; Pagan spiritual traditions; differentiation between precious vs. semi-precious crystals  
o   Visible: discourse
o   Invisible: supply chains; production (machinic interventions)
-    Macro: geological deep time of crystals; systems of labor; digital infrastructure (management, distribution)
o   Visible: actual crystal
o   Invisible: deep time, digital infrastructure, destruction of ecosystem for extraction


She Brakes for Rainbows (Dan's Aunt's shop), Professional Hippie 

"Dark crystals: The brutal reality behind a booming wellness craze"
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/sep/17/healing-crystals-wellness-mining-madagascar

Pratt Daddy 
https://prattdaddycrystals.com/ 

*Crystallography - used to analyze DNA 


WATER (Alex, Kam, Miles, Szilvia)


Water
“Nature is thus, in some sense, the ultimate infrastructure.” (Edwards, 9)

Sub-micro level - 
Molecular-level, biopolitics, pharmaceutical level of controlling bodies

Micro level -
What does an individual do with water? - eat, drink, wash - everyday behavior, human need

The basic human right to water vs. water as a commodity.

Traversing between tow levels and different infrastructures
“Put another way, this water infrastructure (see figure 5.5a)—the movement of water performed by Machan women—supports this Internet access (see figure 5.5b)—children in a local private school. Machan water carriers not only support and sustain their families but, in the logic of digital capitalism, their labor is implicitly commandeered to sustain populations on the cusp of becoming new markets for commercial Internet service providers and mobile telephone companies seeking to extend their enterprises into new regions as market saturation peaks in industrialized parts of the world.” (Parks, 123)

Water as a vessel for other forces, cables are run through water.
“Internet infrastructure is quite literally supported by water infrastructure. The digital economy is layered upon the resource economy. “ (Parks, 124)

Meso level - 
Water bottle companies, water companies, 
Dam, levies, canals 

Macro level -
Ocean, erosion, melting, sea level 

“The Roman aqueducts still stand, but most have carried no water for many centuries. The global telegraph network, mainstay of world communications even into the 1960s, has been largely replaced by the telephone. On this long view, time shapes them, rather than the other way round. In geophysical time, cataclysms far larger than anyone now living has experienced have occurred with
monotonous regularity, while even apparently gentle forces, such as continuously dripping water, exceed the capacities of technological control (for example, in the still. unsolved
problem of long-term nuclear waste storage).“ (Edwards, 9)



Group work - Sarah, Jennifer, Russell

We discussed things that initially came to mind: Amazon fulfillment systems, surveillance (cameras), Academy as an institution.

But then we decided on USC Village, an intersection of the three concepts.

Infrastructure manages flows; they shape and are shaped by ideologies.
USC village performs a provision for human needs, but it is on a superficial level that doesn't actually support student needs.
Constructed idea of feigned community conveyed through title, functions as "imagined community."
Architecturally compatible with the buildings at USC -- a continuation.
Constructing a particular idea of publics, which comes up in Mattern.

Micro: On day-to-day basis, functions as a micro-scale interaction
But it's an alienating sense, because you persistently feel the meso-scale of USC as an institution.

Meso: USC presence and construction very visible. The problematic presence of the statue of Hecuba, a "token" of feminism. Nikias built this space -- ironically, he goes down for the gynecologist scandal. In addition the Village is a heavily policed space on USC campus and the largest student housing site... considering this, what are its implications as an institutional infrastructure?

Macro: Underlying ideologies, the problematic statue, and the economics behind the construction.
The Village draws heavily from classical tradition, which is related to white supremacy. However, we believe this scale is difficult to understand within the scope of Edwards' article.

Is it a public space? Is it a part of campus? It is subject to some of the same regulations as campus (and constructed to look like a continuation of it), but is not, technically, a part of campus.

Almost a cybernetics filter you can put on it: presence of fences, gates, guards, etc. that are reminiscent of government surveillance on the macro level.

What is a Feminist Lab?

A symposium from UC Boulder, April 2019
https://whatisafeministlab.online/
Some videos from the event are here:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjFAXk9d4pE35R68ltcaC6g3o4ObGTJzD

The Politics of Shade in LA

If any of you have wandered around the city and asked “why is there no shade?,” this article has an answer. A really fascinating analysis of urban infrastructure and inequality: https://placesjournal.org/article/shade-an-urban-design-mandate/

Algorithmic Micropolitics & Zine-Making as Method


Deborah Lupton's lab led a workshop working through ideas about "algorithm micropolitics" using analog tools like collage, drawing from Tania Bucher's If...Then. I thought the choice to think tech with zine is interesting—and growing. See also Tiny Tech Zines event in LA in August, with many interesting resources and references there.


Anatomy of an AI redux https://anatomyof.ai/
Paul Edwards http://pne.people.si.umich.edu/
Critical Infrastructure Studies: https://cistudies.org/about/
Shannon Mattern: http://wordsinspace.net/shannon/
Nicole Starosielski
https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/people/nicole-starosielski
http://surfacing.in/?image=nasugbu-landing
Lisa Parks: https://lisaparks.mit.edu/
Group work:
Choose an object,system or infrastructure and elucidate at least three different levels/scales from which you might approach it, theorize it or understand it. What is most visible or invisible at each scale you’ve chosen? How can the readings for today guide your approach? Which are most helpful and at what scale? Can you cite specific passages? What advise to you have for a multi-scalar approach?

Colonizing Infrastructures (Core Post 2)


Colonizing Infrastructures (Core Post 2)

Looking at the ways how this week’s readings handle the materiality and socio-economical impact and consequences of infrastructures, the idea of infrastructures reinforcing and even embodying colonial ideologies seems to be inevitable.

Employing arguments from the article Data Colonialism by Couldry  and  Mejias there are visible connections between colonialism and the way how digital-material infrastructure expand creating and determining socioecological environments, reinforcing oppressive practices. Couldry and Mejias talk about the “predatory extractive practices of historical colonialism”(337) and  “a new social order, based on continuous tracking, and offering unprecedented new opportunities for social discrimination and behavioral influence.”(336) Looking at how digital infrastructures give way to high-speed transfer and in doing so enable not only the creation of global capitalism, by making an accessible certain type of media commodities (such as streaming services) but also constitute a global network for surveillance and control.

Without explicitly building up a grand theory of infrastructure as bearers of colonial practices Lisa Parks does a great job of getting into the particularities of how infrastructures “behave” in countries that are culturally, economically and socially different as the ones that impose and sometimes even force their infrastructures. “Much ICTD work is underpinned by development ideology—blind faith in the capacities of ICTs to “modernize” and “enhance” the lives of anyone fortunate enough to come within their reach.”(Parks, 116) The gesture of bringing modernity and civilization to the “Other 3 Billion” seen as “technologically disenfranchised”(117) is distressingly similar to the gestures by the Spanish missions spreading Christianity and harrowing diseases at the same time. To adapt digital technologies to cultures that predominantly create an unbalanced situation complicated further by the fact that, as Lisa Parks point out, “early adopters were situated within the village’s center, which was not only connected to the electrical grid but also to historically colonial institutions such as the hospital, the mission, and the schools.”(118) On another note, Edwards points out the ways how expectedly invisible infrastructures often fail or function in a non-ordinary way outside the western world. (3)

In the context of digital infrastructures discussed as bearing traditions of colonial practices I would love to see more research similar to Lisa Parks’. Research that is able to detangle the complexities of local socio-economic situations exposed to Western means of building infrastructures making  their oppressive practices visible and yet at  the same time proposing ways in which these infrastructures can be adapted to serve local communities.